The Use of Exergames in the Neurorehabilitation of People with Parkinson Disease: The Impact on Daily Life.

Introduction Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive degeneration characterized by motor disorders, such as tremor, bradykinesia, stiffness and postural instability. Objective To evaluate the independence, confidence and balance in the development of daily activities in patients with PD before and after rehabilitation. Methods A descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out with 16 patients (mean 57.6 ± 18.7 years), submitted to anamnesis, otolaryngological evaluation and vestibular assessment. The Vestibular Disorders Activities of Daily Living (VADL) and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scales were applied before and after rehabilitation with virtual reality. Results a) The instrumental subscale of the questionnaire showed statistically significant result ( p = 0.022; 95% CI 1.21; 2.21) between the first and second assessments; b) The correlation between the questionnaires showed statistically significant result in the ambulation subscale ( p = 0.011; 95% CI -0.85; -0.17) first and ( p = 0.002, 95% CI -0.88; -0.31) second assessments, and the functional subscale was only verified in the second assessment ( p = 0.011, 95% CI -0.85; -0.17); and c) The patients presented clinical improvement in the final assessment after rehabilitation with significant result for the tightrope walk ( p = 0.034, 95% CI -12.5; -0.3) and ski slalom games ( p = 0.005, 95% CI -34.8; -6.6). Conclusions Our results showed that the VADL and ABC questionnaires, applied before and after rehabilitation, were important tools to measure the independence, confidence and balance while developing daily activities. The VADL and ABC questionnaires may effectively contribute to quantify the effect of the applied therapeutics and, consequently, its impact on the quality of life of patients with PD.

The Use of Exergames in the Neurorehabilitation of People with Parkinson Disease: The Impact on Daily Life

Abstract Introduction Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive degeneration characterized by motor disorders, such as tremor, bradykinesia, stiffness and postural instability. Objective To evaluate the independence, confidence and balance in the development of daily activities in patients with PD before and after rehabilitation. Methods A descriptive, retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out with 16 patients (mean 57.6 ± 18.7 years), submitted to anamnesis, otolaryngological evaluation and vestibular assessment. The Vestibular Disorders Activities of Daily Living (VADL) and the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scales were applied before and after rehabilitation with virtual reality. Results a) The instrumental subscale of the questionnaire showed statistically significant result (p = 0.022; 95 % CI 1.21; 2.21) between the first and second assessments; b) The correlation between the questionnaires showed statistically significant result in the ambulation subscale (p = 0.011; 95 % CI -0.85; -0.17) first and (p = 0.002, 95 % CI -0.88; -0.31) second assessments, and the functional subscale was only verified in the second assessment (p = 0.011, 95 % CI -0.85; -0.17); and c) The patients presented clinical improvement in the final assessment after rehabilitation with significant result for the tightrope walk (p = 0.034, 95 % CI -12.5; -0.3) and ski slalom games (p = 0.005, 95 % CI -34.8; -6.6). Conclusions Our results showed that the VADL and ABC questionnaires, applied before and after rehabilitation, were important tools to measure the independence, confidence and balance while developing daily activities. The VADL and ABC questionnaires may effectively contribute to quantify the effect of the applied therapeutics and, consequently, its impact on the quality of life of patients with PD.

Pure-Tone Hearing Thresholds and Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials in Sporadic Ataxia

Abstract Introduction Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is part of a genetic and clinical heteroge- neous group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia. Objective To describe the results of audiological and electrophysiological hearing evaluations in patients with sporadic ataxia (SA). Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out with 11 patients submitted to the following procedures: anamnesis, otorhinolaryngological evaluation, tonal and vocal audiometry, acoustic immittance and brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) tests. Results The patients presented with a prevalence of gait imbalance, of dysarthria, and of dysphagia; in the audiometric and BAEPs, four patients presented with alterations; in the acoustic immittance test, five patients presented with alterations, predominantly bilateral. Conclusion The most evident alterations in the audiological evaluation were the prevalence of the descending audiometric configuration between the frequencies of 2 and 4 kHz and the absence of the acoustic reflex between the frequencies of 3 and 4 kHz bilaterally. In the electrophysiological evaluation, the patients presented changes with a prevalence of increased I, III and V wave latencies and the interval in the interpeak I-III, I-V and III-V. In the present study, it was observed that auditory complaints did not have a significant prevalence in this type of ataxia, which does not occur in some types of autosomal recessive and dominant ataxia.

Pure-Tone Hearing Thresholds and Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials in Sporadic Ataxia.

Introduction Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is part of a genetic and clinical heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia. Objective To describe the results of audiological and electrophysiological hearing evaluations in patients with sporadic ataxia (SA). Methods A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out with 11 patients submitted to the following procedures: anamnesis, otorhinolaryngological evaluation, tonal and vocal audiometry, acoustic immittance and brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) tests. Results The patients presented with a prevalence of gait imbalance, of dysarthria, and of dysphagia; in the audiometric and BAEPs, four patients presented with alterations; in the acoustic immittance test, five patients presented with alterations, predominantly bilateral. Conclusion The most evident alterations in the audiological evaluation were the prevalence of the descending audiometric configuration between the frequencies of 2 and 4 kHz and the absence of the acoustic reflex between the frequencies of 3 and 4 kHz bilaterally. In the electrophysiological evaluation, the patients presented changes with a prevalence of increased I, III and V wave latencies and the interval in the interpeak I-III, I-V and III-V. In the present study, it was observed that auditory complaints did not have a significant prevalence in this type of ataxia, which does not occur in some types of autosomal recessive and dominant ataxia.

Benign rolandic epilepsy of childhood and central auditory processing disorder: A noncasual neurophysiological association.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the association between benign rolandic epilepsy of childhood (BREC) and central auditory processing disorders (CAPDs) and to test the hypothesis that an early onset of BREC could be associated with more cases of CAPD. METHOD: This study has a retrospective cross-sectional design conducted from January 2006 to January 2016 including 93 patients with BREC and without intellectual disability, dyslexia, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders. All patients were evaluated for central auditory processing (CAP), and its presence or absence was compared with age of seizure onset. RESULTS: In all patients, audiometric test results were normal, and in 43 cases (46.2%), CAPD was detected. There was no significant statistical difference in the mean age of seizure onset. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of children with BREC will have a diagnosis of CAPD at school age.

Phenotypic and genotypic aspects of Townes-Brock syndrome: case report of patient in southern Brazil with a new SALL1 hotspot region nonsense mutation.

BACKGROUND: Townes-Brocks syndrome (TBS) is a rare autosomal dominant condition characterized by renal, anal, limb, and auditory abnormalities. TBS diagnosis can be challenging in settings where genetic analysis is not readily available. TBS traits overlap with those of Goldenhar and VACTERL syndromes. CASE PRESENTATION: Here, we present the case of a 5-year-old Brazilian boy born with an anorectal abnormality, limb and external ears malformations, genitourinary anomalies, and a congenital heart defect. Genetic analysis revealed a SALL1 nonsense mutation. The case is discussed in the context of the current literature. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the variability in TBS clinical presentation, genetic analysis is key to the differential diagnosis of TBS relative to phenotypically similar syndromes.

PERINATAL FEATURES OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER. / CARACTERÍSTICAS PERINATAIS DE CRIANÇAS COM TRANSTORNO DO ESPECTRO AUTISTA.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze perinatal features of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS: Retrospective review of the medical records of 75 children with ASD, between January 2008 and January 2015. Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of ASD based on DSM-5 criteria, and the informed consent form signed by the person who is legally responsible. The exclusion criterion was missing on the medical record. The variables analyzed were maternal age, prematurity (gestational age under 37 weeks), low birth weight (<2,500 g), and perinatal asphyxia (5th minute Apgar score <7). Data were analyzed using the difference between proportions test, being significant p<0.05. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients were included. Maternal age ranged from 21.4 to 38.6 years (29.8±4.1 years). Premature birth occurred in 14 (18.7%) patients, perinatal asphyxia in 6 (8.0%), and low birth weight in 32 (42.6%) patients. The prevalence of prematurity, low birth weight, and perinatal asphyxia among the children in our study was higher than the general prevalence of these conditions among all live births in our country, region, and state, which are, respectively, 11.5, 2.3, and 8.5% in Brazil; 11.0, 2.2, and 8.5% in Southern Brazil; and 10.5, 2.0, and 8.4% in the state of Paraná. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings show a higher prevalence of prematurity, low birth weight, and perinatal asphyxia among children with ASD. Some limitations are the retrospective study design, and the small sample size. Large prospective studies are needed to clarify the possible association between perinatal complications and ASD.

OBJETIVO: Analisar características perinatais de crianças com transtorno do espectro autista (TEA). MÉTODOS: Revisão retrospectiva dos prontuários medicos de 75 crianças com TEA, entre janeiro de 2008 e janeiro de 2015. Os critérios de inclusão foram o diagnóstico de TEA baseado no DSM-5 e o termo de consentimento assinado pelo responsável legal. O critério de exclusão foi ausência de todos os dados no prontuário médico. As variáveis analisadas foram: idade materna, prematuridade (idade gestacional menor que 37 semanas), baixo peso ao nascer (<2.500 g) e asfixia perinatal (Apgar menor que 7 no quinto minuto). Os dados foram avaliados por meio do teste de diferença entre as proporções (nível de significância de p<0,05). RESULTADOS: Setenta e cinco pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. A idade materna variou de 21,4 a 38,6 anos (29,8±4,1 anos). O parto prematuro ocorreu em 14 (18,7%) pacientes, asfixia perinatal em 6 (8,0%) e baixo peso ao nascer em 32 (42,6%). As prevalências de prematuridade, asfixia perinatal e baixo peso ao nascer entre as crianças com TEA neste estudo foram maiores do que as prevalências gerais dessas condições entre todos os nascidos vivos em nosso país, região e estado, as quais são, respectivamente, 11,5, 2,3 e 8,5% no Brasil, 11,0; 2,2 e 8,5% na região Sul e 10,5, 2,0 e 8,4% no estado do Paraná. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos achados mostraram maior prevalência de prematuridade, baixo peso ao nascer e asfixia perinatal em crianças com TEA. Algumas limitações são o desenho retrospectivo do estudo e a amostra de pequeno tamanho. Grandes estudos prospectivos são necessários para esclarecer a possível associação entre intercorrências perinatais e TEA.

Características perinatais de crianças com transtorno do espectro autista / Perinatal features of children with autism spectrum disorder

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar características perinatais de crianças com transtorno do espectro autista (TEA). Métodos: Revisão retrospectiva dos prontuários medicos de 75 crianças com TEA, entre janeiro de 2008 e janeiro de 2015. Os critérios de inclusão foram o diagnóstico de TEA baseado no DSM-5 e o termo de consentimento assinado pelo responsável legal. O critério de exclusão foi ausência de todos os dados no prontuário médico. As variáveis analisadas foram: idade materna, prematuridade (idade gestacional menor que 37 semanas), baixo peso ao nascer (<2.500 g) e asfixia perinatal (Apgar menor que 7 no quinto minuto). Os dados foram avaliados por meio do teste de diferença entre as proporções (nível de significância de p<0,05). Resultados: Setenta e cinco pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. A idade materna variou de 21,4 a 38,6 anos (29,8±4,1 anos). O parto prematuro ocorreu em 14 (18,7%) pacientes, asfixia perinatal em 6 (8,0%) e baixo peso ao nascer em 32 (42,6%). As prevalências de prematuridade, asfixia perinatal e baixo peso ao nascer entre as crianças com TEA neste estudo foram maiores do que as prevalências gerais dessas condições entre todos os nascidos vivos em nosso país, região e estado, as quais são, respectivamente, 11,5, 2,3 e 8,5% no Brasil, 11,0; 2,2 e 8,5% na região Sul e 10,5, 2,0 e 8,4% no estado do Paraná. Conclusões: Nossos achados mostraram maior prevalência de prematuridade, baixo peso ao nascer e asfixia perinatal em crianças com TEA. Algumas limitações são o desenho retrospectivo do estudo e a amostra de pequeno tamanho. Grandes estudos prospectivos são necessários para esclarecer a possível associação entre intercorrências perinatais e TEA.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze perinatal features of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: Retrospective review of the medical records of 75 children with ASD, between January 2008 and January 2015. Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of ASD based on DSM-5 criteria, and the informed consent form signed by the person who is legally responsible. The exclusion criterion was missing on the medical record. The variables analyzed were maternal age, prematurity (gestational age under 37 weeks), low birth weight (<2,500 g), and perinatal asphyxia (5th minute Apgar score <7). Data were analyzed using the difference between proportions test, being significant p<0.05. Results: Seventy-five patients were included. Maternal age ranged from 21.4 to 38.6 years (29.8±4.1 years). Premature birth occurred in 14 (18.7%) patients, perinatal asphyxia in 6 (8.0%), and low birth weight in 32 (42.6%) patients. The prevalence of prematurity, low birth weight, and perinatal asphyxia among the children in our study was higher than the general prevalence of these conditions among all live births in our country, region, and state, which are, respectively, 11.5, 2.3, and 8.5% in Brazil; 11.0, 2.2, and 8.5% in Southern Brazil; and 10.5, 2.0, and 8.4% in the state of Paraná. Conclusions: Our findings show a higher prevalence of prematurity, low birth weight, and perinatal asphyxia among children with ASD. Some limitations are the retrospective study design, and the small sample size. Large prospective studies are needed to clarify the possible association between perinatal complications and ASD.

The Importance of Labyrinthine Examination in the Prognosis and Therapy for Balance in Spinocerebellar Ataxia.

INTRODUCTION: Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by the presence of progressive cerebellar ataxia. OBJECTIVE: Identify vestibular disorders and demonstrate the importance of labyrinthine examination in the prognosis and therapy for balance in patients with SCAs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study had a retrospective cross-sectional design and evaluated 57 patients, mean age of 41.6 years and standard deviation of 13 years. Patients underwent the following procedures: anamnesis, ENT examination and vestibular exam using electronystagmography (ENG). RESULTS: The most frequent complaints were gait imbalance (71.9%), dysarthria (49.1%), dizziness (43.8%) and dysphagia (36.8%). 84.2% of the tests showed alterations. The most common tests with alterations were the caloric test (78.9%), slow saccades (61.4%) and the rotating chair test (49.1%). CONCLUSION: The clinical history of the patient and oculomotor alterations in the labyrinthine examination provide sufficient information for the proper use of virtual rehabilitation protocols in the treatment of imbalance, making it the most effective therapy method. It was evident that changes in ENG are related to the severity of the SCA or the clinical stage of the disease. The labyrinthine examination proved to be an important concomitant tool to clinical and genetic study.

Influences of the signal border extension in the discrete wavelet transform in EEG spike detection

Abstract Introduction The discrete wavelet transform is used in many studies as signal preprocessor for EEG spike detection. An inherent process of this mathematical tool is the recursive wavelet convolution over the signal that is decomposed into detail and approximation coefficients. To perform these convolutions, firstly it is necessary to extend signal borders. The selection of an unsuitable border extension algorithm may increase the false positive rate of an EEG spike detector. Methods In this study we analyzed nine different border extensions used for convolution and 19 mother wavelets commonly seen in other EEG spike detectors in the literature. Results The border extension may degrade an EEG spike detector up to 44.11%. Furthermore, results behave differently for distinct number of wavelet coefficients. Conclusion There is not a best border extension to be used with any EEG spike detector based on the discrete wavelet transform, but the selection of the most adequate border extension is related to the number of coefficients of a mother wavelet.

Perinatal brain lesions and epilepsy: prematurity and cerebral hypoxia evolving with west syndrome / Lesões cerebrais perinatais e epilepsia: prematuridade e hipóxia cerebral evoluindo com Síndrome de West / Lesiones cerebrales perinatales y epilepsia: prematuridad e hipoxia cerebral evolucionando con Síndrome de West

Introduction: West syndrome (WS) is the most frequent epileptic encephalopathy in the first year of life and is strongly correlated with prenatal and perinatal brain injury. Objective: To analyze the relationship between prematurity and birth asphyxia (cerebral hypoxia) with WS. Methods: This is an observational and cross-sectional study. All the patients with WS treated at Pediatric Neurology Service of Pequeno Príncipe Children?s Hospital from January 2010 to January 2015 were analyzed. The patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and electroen- cephalogram (EEG). Results: Thirty-eight patients with WS, 23 (60.53%) females; ages ranging from 9 to 27 months (±16.6 months). Twenty (52.63%) patients had a history of hypoxia/anoxia perinatal, 8 (21.05%) were premature, 8 (21.05%) had brain malformations, 4 (10.53%) had Down syndrome, 4 (10.53%) had tuberous sclerosis, and 2 (5.26%) had no comorbidities. MRI showed: 9 (23.68%) multi-cystic encephalomalacia, 4 (10.53%) periventricular leukomalacia, 4 (10.53%) periventricular leukomalacia with cerebral atrophy, 4 (10.53%) periventricular nodules, 3 (7.89%) brain atrophy, 2 (5.26%) pachygyria associated with agenesis of corpus callosum, one (2.63%) agenesis of the corpus callosum, one (2.63%) right frontal dysplasia, one (2.63%) left frontal dysplasia, one (2.63%) right frontoparietal dysplasia, one (2.63%) left frontoparietal dysplasia, and one (2.63%) pachygyria. Conclusion: The history of hypoxia/anoxia perinatal and prematurity is very frequent in WS. Improved care during pregnancy and childbirth is very important to reduce perinatal brain injury, premature birth, and neurological morbidity.

Introdução: A síndrome de West (SW) é a mais frequente encefalopatia epiléptica do primeiro ano de vida e está fortemente relacionada com lesões cerebrais pré-natais e perinatais. Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre prematuridade e asfixia perinatal (hipóxia cerebral) e SW. Métodos: Este é um estudo observacional e transversal. Todos os pacientes com SW tratados no Serviço de Neurologia Pediátrica do Hospital Infantil Pequeno Príncipe entre janeiro de 2010 e janeiro de 2015 foram analisados. Os pacientes foram submetidos a ressonância magnética (RM) do encéfalo e eletroencefalograma (EEG). Resultados: Trinta e oito pacientes com SW, 23 (60,53%) do sexo feminino; idade entre 9 a 27 meses (±16,6 meses). Vinte (52,63%) pacientes tinham história de hipóxia/anóxia perinatal, 8 (21,05%) eram prematuros, 8 (21,05%) tinham malformações cerebrais, 4 (10,53%) tinham síndrome de Down, 4 (10,53%) tinham esclerose tuberosa e 2 (5,26%) não apresentavam nenhuma comorbidade. A RM mostrou: 9 (23,68%) casos de encefalomalácia multicística, 4 (10,53%) leucomalácia periventricular, 4 (10,53%) leucomalácia periventricular com atrofia cerebral, 4 (10,53%) nódulos periventriculares, 3 (7,89%) atrofia cerebral, 2 (5,26%) paquigiria associada à atrofia de corpo caloso, um (2,63%) agenesia de corpo caloso, um (2,63%) displasia frontal direita, um (2,63%) displasia frontal esquerda, um (2,63%) displasia frontoparietal direita, um (2,63%) displasia frontoparietal esquerda e um (2,63%) paquigiria. Conclusão: A história de hipóxia/anóxia perinatal e prematuridade é muito frequente na SW. A melhora dos cuidados durante a gestação e o parto é muito importante para reduzir lesões cerebrais perinatais, nascimentos prematuros e consequentemente, a morbidade neurológica.

Introducción: El síndrome de West (SW) es la más frecuente encefalopatía epiléptica del primer año de vida y está fuertemente relacionado con lesiones cerebrales prenatales y perinatales. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre prematuridad y asfixia perinatal (hipoxia cerebral) y SW. Métodos: Este es un estudio observacional y transversal. Fueron analizados todos los pacientes con SW tratados en el Servicio de Neurología Pediátrica del Hospital Infantil Pequeno Príncipe entre enero de 2010 y enero de 2015. Los pacientes fueron sometidos a resonancia magnética (RM) del encéfalo y electroence- falograma (EEG). Resultados: Treinta y ocho pacientes con SW, 23 (60,53%) del sexo femenino; edad entre 9 a 27 meses (±16,6 meses). Veinte (52,63%) pacientes tenían historia de hipoxia/anoxia perinatal, 8 (21,05%) eran prematuros, 8 (21,05%) tenían malformaciones cerebrales, 4 (10,53%) tenían síndrome de Down, 4 (10,53%) tenían esclerosis tuberosa y 2 (5,26%) no presentaban ninguna comorbilidad. La RM mostró: 9 (23,68%) casos de encefalomalacia multiquística, 4 (10,53%) con leucomalacia periventricular, 4 (10,53%) con leucomalacia periventricular con atrofia cerebral, 4 (10,53%) con nódulos periventriculares, 3 (7,89%) con atrofia cerebral, 2 (5,26%) con paquigiria asociada a la atrofia de cuerpo calloso, uno (2,63%) con agenesia de cuerpo calloso, uno (2,63%) con displasia frontal derecha, uno (2,63%) con displasia frontal izquierda, uno (2,63%) con displasia frontoparietal derecha, uno (2,63%) con displasia frontoparietal izquierda y uno (2,63%) con paquigiria. Conclusión: La historia de hipoxia/anoxia perinatal y prematuridad es muy frecuente en SW. La mejora de los cuidados durante la gestación y el parto es muy importante para reducir lesiones cerebrales perinatales, nacimientos prematuros y consiguientemente, la morbilidad neurológica.

Epilepsy and eeg abnormalities in children with autism spectrum disorder / Epilepsia e anormalidades eletroencefalográficas em crianças com transtorno no espectro do autismo / Epilepsia y anormalidades electroencefalográficas en niños con trastorno en el espectro del autismo

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired communication and social interaction, and by restricted and repetitive behavior. Children with ASD are more likely to have seizu- res than children with normal neurological development. Objective: Analyze the incidence of seizures and EEG abnormalities in a cohort of 63 patients with ASD. Methods: Children with autism were included in the study, which calculated the incidence of epilepsy and analyzed the main abnormalities in the EEG. All the patients were evaluated by the same physician, and underwent EEG and MRI of the brain. Results: A total of 63 patients were included between January 2010 and January 2015; 23 (36.51%) female and 40 (63.49%) male; ages at diagnosis ranged from 17 to 58 months (35.97 ± 11.77 months); in 16 (25.4%) patients the MRI was reported to be abnormal. All the patients with autism and epilepsy had abnormal EEGs; 11 (17.4%) had a diagnosis of epilepsy (n=7; 63.6% female and n=4; 36.4% male); and the mean age at diagnosis of epilepsy was 33.7 ± 4.3 months. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that in patients with autism, epilepsy rates are higher than in the general population, but there is no unique pattern of discharge in the EEG.

Introdução: O transtorno do espectro do autismo (TEA) é um distúrbio de desenvolvimento neural heterogêneo caracterizado por comunicação e interação social deficientes e por comportamento restrito e repetitivo. As crianças com TEA têm maior probabilidade de ter convulsões do que as crianças com desenvolvimento neurológico normal. Objetivo: Analisar a incidência de convulsões e anormalidades eletroencefalográficas em uma coorte de 63 pacientes com TEA. Métodos: Foram incluídas no estudo, crianças com autismo, a incidência de epilepsia foi calculada e as principais anomalias do EEG foram analisadas. Todos os pacientes foram avaliados pelo mesmo médico e foram submetidas a EEG e RM do cérebro. Resultados: De janeiro de 2010 a janeiro de 2015, foram incluídos 63 pacientes, 23 (36,51%) do sexo feminino e 40 (63,49%) do sexo masculino; a idade ao diagnóstico variou de 17 a 58 meses (35,97 ± 11,77 meses); em 16 (25,4%) pacientes o laudo da RM relatou anormalidade. Todos os pacientes com autismo e epilepsia tinham uma anormalidade no EEG, 11 (17,4%) tinham diagnóstico de epilepsia (n = 7; 63,6% meninas e n = 4; 36,4% meninos); a média de idade ao diagnóstico de epilepsia foi 33,7 ± 4,3 meses. Conclusão: Nossos achados sugerem que em pacientes com autismo, as taxas de epilepsia ainda são mais altas do que as da população de risco geral e não existe um padrão único de descarga no EEG.

Introducción: El trastorno del espectro del autismo (TEA) es un disturbio de desarrollo neural heterogéneo caracterizado por comuni- cación e interacción social deficientes y por comportamiento restringido y repetitivo. Los niños con TEA tienen mayor probabilidad de tener convulsiones que los niños con desarrollo neurológico normal. Objetivo: Analizar la incidencia de convulsiones y anormalidades electroencefalográficas en una cohorte de 63 pacientes con TEA. Métodos: Fueron incluidos en el estudio niños con autismo, la incidencia de epilepsia fue calculada y las principales anomalías del EEG fueron analizadas. Todos los pacientes fueron evaluados por el mismo médico y fueron sometidos a EEG y RM del cerebro. Resultados: De enero de 2010 a enero de 2015, fueron incluidos 63 pacientes, 23 (36,51%) del sexo femenino y 40 (63,49%) del sexo masculino; la edad en el momento del diagnóstico varió de 17 a 58 meses (35,97 ± 11,77 meses); en 16 (25,4%) pacientes el laudo de la RM relató anormalidad. Todos los pacientes con autismo y epilepsia tenían una anormalidad en el EEG, 11 (17,4%) tenían diagnóstico de epilepsia (n = 7; 63,6% niñas y n = 4; 36,4% niños); el promedio de edad en el momento del diagnóstico de epilepsia fue 33,7 ± 4,3 meses. Conclusión: Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que en pacientes con autismo, las tasas de epilepsia aún son más altas que las de la población de riesgo general y no existe un estándar único de descarga en el EEG.

Central auditory processing in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia.

BACKGROUND: Autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a group of rare and heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the presence of progressive cerebellar ataxia. Although the symptomatology of SCAs is well known, information regarding central auditory functioning in these patients is lacking. Therefore, we assessed the central auditory processing disorders (CAPD) in patients with different subtypes of SCA. METHODS: In a retrospective cross-sectional study, we subjected 43 patients with SCAs to otorhinolaryngological, audiological, Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP) and acoustic immittance evaluations as well as CAPD tests, namely the Standard Spondaic Word (SSW) and the Random Gap Detection Test (RGDT). RESULTS: Most patients (83.7%) reported an imbalance when walking; many reported difficulty speaking (48.8%), dizziness (41.8%), and dysphagia (39.5%). In the audiometric test, 14/43 patients (32.5%) presented alterations, including 4/12 patients with SCA3 (33.3%), 1/8 patients with SCA2 (12.5%), 1/1 patient with SCA4 (100%), 1/1 patient with SCA6 (100%), 1/1 patient with SCA7 (100%), 3/6 patients with SCA10 (50%), and 3/14 patients with an undetermined type of SCA (21.4%). In the BAEP test, 20/43 patients (46.5%) presented alterations (11.6% na orelha esquerda e 34.9% bilateralmente), including 7/12 patients with SCA3 (58.3%), 5/8 patients with SCA2 (62.5%), 1/1 patient with SCA4 (100%), 1/1 patient with SCA6 (100%), 1/1 patient with SCA7 (100%), 4/6 patients with SCA10 (66.7%), and 2/14 patients with an undetermined type of SCA (14.2%). In the SSW, 22/40 patients (55%) presented alterations (2.5% in the right ear, 15% in the left ear, and 37.5% bilaterally), including 6/10 patients (60%) with SCA3, 3/8 (37.5%) with SCA2, 1/1 (100%) with SCA4, 1/1 (100%) with SCA6, 1/1 (100%) with SCA7, 4/5 (80%) with SCA10, and 8/14 (57.1%) with an undetermined type SCA. For the RGDT, 30/40 patients (75%) presented alterations, including 8/10 (80%) with SCA3, 6/8 (75%) with SCA2, 1/1 (100%) with SCA4, 1/1 (100%) with SCA6, 1/1 (100%) with SCA7, 4/5 (80%) with SCA10, and 9/14 (64.3%) with an undetermined type of SCA. In immittance testing, 19/43 patients (44.1%) presented alterations, including 6/12 (50%) with SCA3, 4/8 (50%) with SCA2, 1/1 (100%) with SCA4, 1/1 (100%) with SCA6, 1/1 (100%) with SCA7, 2/6 (33.3%) with SCA10, and 4/14 (28.6%) with an undetermined type of SCA. CONCLUSIONS: A majority of patients exhibited SSW test deficits, with a predominance of bilateralism, and three-fourths had impaired RGDT performance, pointing to difficulties with binaural integration and temporal resolution. Assessment of CAPD is important for therapeutic follow ups in patients with SCA.

TDAH: alterações eletroencefalográficas e distúrbios do sono na infância / ADHD: electroencephalographic changes and sleeping disorders in childhood

Após resumir o histórico do TDAH e os conhecimentos atuais a respeito, bem como sua inter-relação com distúrbios do sono, o trabalho apresenta os resultados de estudo com 132 crianças, discutindo os fundamentos da fisiopatologia do sono e do TDAH e a relação intrínseca entre as duas patologias.

Epilepsy and hypothyroidism in children with Down syndrome / Epilepsia e hipotireoidismo em crianças com síndrome de down / Epilepsia e hipotiroidismo en niños con síndrome de down

Objective: This paper presents a review of epilepsy and thyroid dysfunction in children with Down syndrome and analyzes the possible association between these comorbidities. Methods: The medical records of all patients with Down syndrome treated at the Pediatric Neurology Department of Pequeno Príncipe Children’s Hospital e from January 2008 to January 2014 (72 patients) were analyzed and divided into two groups: one consisting of patients with Down syndrome and epilepsy (GROUP I), and the other of patients with Down syndrome and without epilepsy (GROUP II). The two groups were then compared with respect to the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction. The association of the mother’s age at the child’s birth and the presence of epilepsy and/or thyroid dysfunction were also tested. Results: The data showed that among children with Down syndrome there is no significant association (p=0.09) between the presence or absence of epilepsy and the presence or absence of hypothyroidism. In addition, no significant association was found between the mother’s age at the child’s birth (<35 or ≥35 years) and an increased risk of epilepsy (p=0.37) nor an increased risk of hypothyroidism (p=0.42). Conclusions: Our study found no significant association between the two comorbidities, epilepsy and thyroid dysfunctions, in people with DS, or significant relationship of each one individually with the mother’s age at the child’s birth in this population.

Objetivo: Este artigo apresenta uma revisão sobre epilepsia e disfunção tireoidiana em crianças com síndrome de Down e analisa uma possível associação entre estas duas comorbidades. Métodos: Foram analisados todos os prontuários médicos de pacientes com síndrome de Down tratados no Departamento de Neurologia Pediátrica do Hospital Infantil Pequeno Príncipe entre janeiro de 2008 e janeiro de 2014 (72 pacientes), e divididos em dois grupos: um de pacientes com síndrome de Down e epilepsia (GRUPO I) e outro de pacientes com síndrome de Down e sem epilepsia (GRUPO II). Os dois grupos foram comparados quanto à disfunção tireoidiana. A associação entre a idade materna ao nascimento da criança e a presença de epilepsia e/ou disfunção tireoidiana também foi testada. Resultados: Os dados mostram que nas crianças não há associação significativa (p=0,09) entre a presença ou ausência de epilepsia e a presença ou ausência de hipotireoidismo. Além disso, não há associação significativa entre a idade da mãe ao nascimento da criança (< 35 ou ≥ 35 anos) e aumento do risco de epilepsia (0=0,37) nem aumento do risco de hipotireoidismo (p=0,42). Conclusões: Nosso estudo não encontrou associação significativa entre as duas comorbidades, epilepsia e disfunção tireoidiana, em pessoas com síndrome de Down nem relação significativa de cada um individualmente com a idade da mãe ao nascimento da criança nesta população.

Objetivo: Este artículo presenta una revisión sobre epilepsia y disfunción tiroidea en niños con síndrome de Down y analiza una posible asociación entre estas dos comorbidades. Métodos: Fueron analizados todos los prontuarios médicos de pacientes con síndrome de Down tratados en el Departamento de Neurología Pediátrica del Hospital Infantil Pequeno Príncipe entre enero de 2008 y enero de 2014 (72 pacientes), y divididos en dos grupos: uno con pacientes con síndrome de Down y epilepsia (GRUPO I) y otro con pacientes con síndrome de Down y sin epilepsia (GRUPO II). Los dos grupos fueron comparados cuanto a la disfunción tiroidea. La asociación entre la edad materna en el nacimiento del niño y la presencia de epilepsia y/o disfunción tiroidea también fue probada. Resultados: Los datos muestran que en los niños no hay asociación significativa (p = 0,09) entre la presencia o ausencia de epilepsia y la presencia o ausencia de hipotiroidismo. Además, no hay asociación significativa entre la edad de la madre en el nacimiento del niño (< 35 ó ≥ 35 años) y aumento del riesgo de epilepsia (0=0,37) ni aumento del riesgo de hipotiroidismo (p = 0,42). Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio no encontró asociación significativa entre las dos comorbidades, epilepsia y disfunción tiroidea, en personas con síndrome de Down ni relación significativa de cada uno individualmente con la edad de la madre en el nacimiento del niño en esta población.

West syndrome: etiology and evolution of the inter-ictal eeg pattern in a cohort of 24 patients / Síndrome de West: etiologia e evolução de padrão interictal no eeg em uma coorte de 24 pacientes / Síndrome de West: etiología y evolución de estándar interictal en el eeg en una cohorte de 24 pacientes

Objective: West syndrome (WS) is the most frequent epileptic encephalopathy in the first year of life. Diagnosis requires the presence of epileptic spasms, developmental delay, and hypsarrhythmia EEG pattern. Methods: A retrospective study on the etiology and evolution of inter-ictal electroencephalographic patterns in children with West syndrome referred to the Department of Pedia- tric Neurology at the Pequeno Príncipe Children's Hospital from January 2008 to January 2014. All children underwent magnetic resonance imaging and EEG. Results: Eighteen (75%) children had spasms, and 6 (25%) had spasms and tonic seizures. MRI scans showed agenesis of the corpus callosum (1/4.17%), dysplasia in the right frontal lobe (1/4.17%), dysplasia in the left frontal and parietal lobes (1/4.17%), pachygyria associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum (1/4.17%), periventricular nodes (2/8.33%), periventricular leukomalacia (3/12.5%), cerebral atrophy (3/12.5%), and multicystic encephalomalacia (6/25%). EEG monitoring showed hypsarrhythmia in the first exam in all cases; 18 (75%) progressed to multifocal epileptiform discharges (more than three independent epileptogenic foci), and 6 (25%) developed generalized spike-wave and polyspike-wave. Conclusions: Symptomatic form is the most common in WS and most patients develop multifocal epileptiform discharges visible in EEG.

Objetivo: A síndrome de West (SW) é a encefalopatia epiléptica mais frequente no primeiro ano de vida. O diagnóstico requer a presença de espasmos epilépticos, retardo de desenvolvimento e EEG com padrão de hipsarritmia. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo sobre a etiologia e a evolução dos padrões eletroencefalográficos interictais em crianças com síndrome de West encaminhadas para o Departamento de Neurologia Pediátrica do Hospital Pequeno Príncipe, de janeiro de 2008 a janeiro de 2014. Todas as crianças foram submetidas a exames de ressonância magnética e EEG. Resultados: Dezoito crianças (75%) tinham espasmos e 6 (25%) tinham espasmos e convulsões tônicas. As imagens por RM mostraram agenesia do corpo caloso (1/4,17%), displasia no lobo frontal direito (1/4,17%), displasia nos lobos frontal esquerdo e parietal (1/4,17%), paquigiria associada à agenesia do corpo caloso (1/4,17%), nódulos periventriculares (2/8,33%), leucomalácia periventricular (3/12,5%), atrofia cerebral (3/12,5%) e encefalomalácia multicística (6/25%). A monitoração EEG mostrou hipsarritmia no primeiro exame em todos os casos; 18 (75%) progrediram para descargas epileptiformes multifocais (mais de três focos epileptogênicos independentes) e 6 (25%) evoluíram com espícula-onda e poliespícula-onda generalizadas. Conclusões: A forma sintomática é a mais comum na SW e a maioria dos pacientes desenvolve descargas epileptiformes multifocais aparentes no EEG.

Objetivo: El síndrome de West (SW) es la encefalopatía epiléptica más frecuente en el primer año de vida. El diagnóstico requiere la presencia de espasmos epilépticos, retardo de desarrollo y EEG con estándar de hipsarritmia. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo sobre la etiología y la evolución de los estándares electroencefalográficos interictales en niños con síndrome de West encaminados para el Departamento de Neurología Pediátrica del Hospital Infantil Pequeno Príncipe, desde enero de 2008 a enero de 2014. Todos los niños fueron sometidos a exámenes de resonancia magnética y EEG. Resultados: Dieciocho niños (75%) tenían espasmos y 6 (25%) tenían espasmos y convulsiones tónicas. Las imágenes por RM mostraron agenesia del cuerpo calloso (1/4,17%), displasia en el lóbulo frontal derecho (1/4,17%), displasia en los lóbulos frontal izquierdo y parietal (1/4,17%), paquigiria asociada a la agenesia del cuerpo calloso (1/4,17%), nódulos periventriculares (2/8,33%), leucomalacia periventricular (3/12,5%), atrofia cerebral (3/12,5%) y encefalomalacia multicística (6/25%). El monitoreo EEG mostró hipsarritmia en el primer examen en todos los casos; 18 (75%) avanzaron para descargas epileptiformes multifocales (más de tres focos epileptogénicos independientes) y 6 (25%) evolucionaron con espícula-onda y poliespícula-onda generalizadas. Conclusiones: La forma sintomática es la más común en la SW y la mayoría de los pacientes desarrolla descargas epileptiformes multifocales aparentes en el EEG.

Benign partial epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spikes and sleep disorders / Epilepsia parcial benigna da infância com espícula centrotemporal e transtornos do sono / Epilepsia parcial benigna de la infancia con espícula centrotemporal y trastornos del sueño

Objective: Benign partial epilepsy of childhood with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) is an idiopathic epilepsy that occurs in healthy children with normal neurodevelopment, characterized by seizures and inter-ictal discharges that predominate during nighttime sleep. This research analyzes the prevalence of sleep disorders in patients with BECTS followed in the Department of Pediatric Neurology at the Pequeno Príncipe Children's Hospital from January 2004 to January 2014. Methods: This study is obser- vational and cross-sectional. The medical records of all children with BECTS followed in the aforementioned institution and period were analyzed, and 46 of these patients met the prerequisites to enter the study. During the investigation all children underwent neuroimaging exams (magnetic resonance or computed tomography) and digital electroencephalogram. In clinical evaluations, all patients and their parents were asked about the presence of sleep disorders. Results: To be classified as having BECTS, patients should have normal neural images and all the electroencephalographies (EEG) should have normal background activity with uni- lateral or bilateral spikes in centrotemporal or centrotemporal and parietal regions. All were being treated with antiepileptic drugs. The age of onset of seizures ranged from 62 to 145 months (mean 94.37 ± 21.2 months). Data showed that 33 (71.74%) out of 46 patients had experienced some kind of sleep disorder: insomnia (18 patients/39.13%), nocturnal enuresis (6 patients/13.04%), somnambulism (2 patients/4.35%), night terrors (1 patient/2.17%), nocturnal enuresis and night terrors (2 patients/4.35%), night terrors and somnambulism (2 patients/4.35%), insomnia and nocturnal enuresis (1 patient/2.17%) and insomnia, night terrors and somnambulism (1 patient/2.17%). Conclusions: Most children diagnosed with BECTS in our pediatric neurology service presented with comorbid sleep disorder. The results are consistent with the data collected in the literature, which show that sleep disorders are more common in children with this type of epilepsy than in those neurologically healthy.

Objetivo: A epilepsia parcial benigna da infância com espículas centrotemporais (EPCT) é uma epilepsia idiopática que ocorre em crianças saudáveis com neurodesenvolvimento normal, que se caracteriza por convulsões e descargas interictais que predominam durante o sono noturno. Esta pesquisa analisa a prevalência de transtornos do sono em pacientes com EPCT acompanhados no Departamento de Neurologia Pediátrica do Hospital Infantil Pequeno Príncipe de janeiro de 2004 a janeiro de 2014. Métodos: Este estudo é observacional e transversal. O prontuário clínico de todas as crianças com EPCT acompanhadas na instituição e no período acima mencionados foi analisado e 46 desses pacientes satisfizeram os pré-requisitos para entrar no estudo. Durante a investigação, todas as crianças foram submetidas a exames de neuroimagem (ressonância magnética ou tomografia computadorizada) e a eletroencefalograma digital. Durante as avaliações clínicas, todos os pacientes e seus pais foram perguntados sobre a presença de transtornos do sono. Resultados: Para serem classificados como portadores de EPCT, os pacientes deviam ter imagens neurais normais e todas as eletroencefalografias (EEG) deviam apresentar atividade de fundo normal, com espículas unilaterais ou bilaterais nas regiões centrotemporal ou centrotemporal e parietal. Todos estavam sendo tratados com medicação antiepiléptica. A idade de início das convulsões variou dos 62 aos 145 meses (média 94,37 ± 21,2 meses). Os dados mostraram que 33 (71,74%) dos 46 pacientes tinham algum tipo de transtorno do sono: insônia (18 pacientes/39,13%), enurese noturna (6 pacientes/13,04%), sonambulismo (2 pacientes/4,35%), terrores noturnos (1 paciente/2,17%), enurese noturna e terrores noturnos (2 pacientes/4,35%), terrores noturnos e sonambulismo (2 pacientes/4,35%), insônia e enurese noturna (1 paciente/2,17%) e insônia, terrores noturnos e sonambulismo (1 paciente/2,17%). Conclusões: A maioria das crianças com diagnóstico de EPCT em nosso serviço de neurologia pediátrica apresentou-se com transtornos do sono comórbidos. Os resultados são compatíveis com os dados coletados na literatura, que mostram que os transtornos do sono são mais comuns em crianças com esse tipo de epilepsia do que nas neurologicamente saudáveis.

Objetivo: La epilepsia parcial benigna de la infancia con espículas centrotemporales (EPCT) es una epilepsia idiopática que ocurre en niños saludables con neurodesarrollo normal, que se caracteriza por convulsiones y descargas interictales que predominan durante el sueño nocturno. Esta investigación analiza la prevalencia de trastornos del sueño en pacientes con BECTS acompañados en el Departamento de Neurología Pediátrica del Hospital Pequeno Príncipe desde enero de 2004 a enero de 2014. Métodos: Este estudio es observacional y transversal. El prontuario clínico de todos los niños con EPCT acompañados en la institución y en el período arriba mencionado fue analizado y 46 de esos pacientes cumplieron con los prerrequisitos para entrar en el estudio. Durante la investigación, todos los niños fueron sometidos a exámenes de neuroimagen (resonancia magnética o tomografía computada) y a electroencefalograma digital. Durante las evaluaciones clínicas, todos los pacientes y sus padres fueron preguntados sobre la presencia de trastornos del sueño. Resultados: Para ser clasificados como portadores de EPCT, los pacientes debían tener imágenes neurales normales y todas las electroencefalografías (EEG) debían presentar actividade de fondo normal, con espículas unilaterales o bilaterales en las regiones centrotemporal o centrotemporal y parietal. Todos estaban siendo tratados con medicación antiepiléptica. La edad de inicio de las convulsiones varió de los 62 a los 145 meses (promedio de 94,37 ± 21,2 meses). Los datos mostraron que 33 (71,74%) de los 46 pacientes tenían algún tipo de trastorno del sueño: insomnia (18 pacientes/39,13%), enuresis nocturna (6 pacientes/13,04%), sonambulismo (2 pacientes/4,35%), terrores nocturnos (1 paciente/2,17%), enuresis nocturna y terrores nocturnos (2 pacientes/4,35%), terrores nocturnos y sonambulismo (2 pacientes/4,35%), insomnia y enuresis nocturna (1 paciente/2,17%) e insomnia, terrores nocturnos y sonambulismo (1 paciente/2,17%). Conclusiones: La mayoría de los niños con diagnóstico de EPCT en nuestro servicio de neurología pediátrica se presentó con trastornos del sueño comórbidos. Los resultados son compatibles con los datos colectados en la literatura, que muestran que los trastornos del sueño son más comunes en niños con ese tipo de epilepsia que en los neurológicamente saludables.

Síndrome de Down e epilepsia: classificação das crises e análise eletrográfica em uma coorte de 34 casos pediátricos / Down syndrome and epilepsis: crises classification and eletrographic analysis of a cohort of 34 Pediatric cases

Introdução: A síndrome de Down é a mais frequente causa genética de inabilidade intelectual. Diversos mecanismos celulares e moleculares são responsáveis pelo aumento no risco de crises convulsivas e epilepsia nestes indivíduos. Objetivo: Descrever uma coorte de 34 pacientes com síndrome de Down e epilepsia, analisando os principais aspectos semiológicos e eletroencefalográficos. Método: Estudo retrospectivo, sendo incluídas 34 crianças com síndrome de Down e epilepsia, 18 (52,94%) do sexo masculino, com idade média de 53,85 meses (±21,59). Todos foram submetidos a eletroencefalograma e exames de neuroimagem. Resultados: A idade média na primeira crise convulsiva foi de 29,35 meses (±20,59). Síndrome de West foi diagnosticada em 5 (14,70%) casos, epilepsia focal em 15 (44,12%), multifocal em 4 (11,76%) e generalizada em 10 (29,41%). Observou-se redução volumétrica cerebral em 10 (29,41%) casos e focos de gliose e leucomalácia periventricular em 3 (8,82%). Conclusões: Crises convulsivas e epilepsia apresentam prevalência bastante variável em crianças com síndrome de Down. Epilepsias focais (com até três focos independentes) representam praticamente metade dos casos nesta população. A síndrome de West permanece como a encefalopatia epilética generalizada mais frequente nos lactentes com síndrome de Down.

Vestibular Findings in Military Band Musicians

Introduction: Exposure to music is the subject of many studies because it is related to an individual's professional and social activities. Objectives: Evaluate the vestibular behavior in military band musicians. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed. Nineteen musicians with ages ranging from 21 to 46 years were evaluated (average = 33.7 years and standard deviation = 7.2 years). They underwent anamnesis and vestibular and otolaryngologic evaluation through vectoelectronystagmography. Results: The most evident otoneurologic symptoms in the anamnesis were tinnitus (84.2%), hearing difficulties (47.3%), dizziness (36.8%), headache (26.3%), intolerance to intense sounds (21.0%), and earache (15.7%). Seven musicians (37.0%) showed vestibular abnormality, which occurred in the caloric test. The abnormality was more prevalent in the peripheral vestibular system, and there was a predominance of irritative peripheral vestibular disorders. Conclusion: The alteration in vestibular exam occurred in the caloric test (37.0%). There were changes in the prevalence of peripheral vestibular system with a predominance of irritative vestibular dysfunction. Dizziness was the most significant symptom for the vestibular test in correlation with neurotologic symptoms. The present study made it possible to verify the importance of the labyrinthine test, which demonstrates that this population should be better studied because the systematic exposure to high sound pressure levels may cause major vestibular alterations...

Otoneurologic Findings in a Fishermen Population of the State of Santa Catarina: Preliminary Study

Introduction: Fishing, one of the oldest productive activities, is an important sector of the national and world economy. Aim: To evaluate the vestibular behavior in a population of fishermen. Methods: In a retrospective and cross-sectional study, 13 fishermen (mean 45.0), between 33 and 62 years of age, were submitted to anamnesis, otorhinolaryngological evaluation, and vestibular exam through the vector electronystagmography. Results: The most evident otoneurologic symptoms were hearing loss (76.9%), tinnitus (61.7%), dizziness (46.1%), and headache (46.1%). The most evident clinical symptoms were fatigue (46.1%), depression (23.0%), anxiety (15.3%), insomnia (7.7%), and agitation during sleep (7.7%). There were alterations in the vestibular exam in 5 fishermen (38.5%) discovered in the caloric test. There was a prevalence of alteration in the peripheral vestibular system. There was a major frequency of the peripheral vestibular irritative syndrome. Conclusion: The otoneurologic complaints were frequent in the population studied to verify the importance of allowing labyrinth exams and the need for adopting preventive measures relating to noise exposure as well as carbon monoxide exposure, because they can cause and/or enhance various manifestations of labyrinthine vestibular impairment that can affect the quality of life of these workers...